Deep Sky and Carbfix Make History with CO2 Mineralization Storage in Canada

Saptakee S
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Deep Sky and Carbfix Make History with CO2 Mineralization Storage in Canada

Deep Sky, a carbon removal project developer based in Montreal, and Carbfix, the world’s first operator of CO2 mineralization, have partnered to investigate CO2 mineral storage in Canada.

The press release mentions the pre-feasibility study examining potential reservoirs in Quebec for CO2 mineral storage will conclude in June.

The Role of Deep Sky

Deep Sky, renowned for its commitment to developing cutting-edge environmental technologies aims to revolutionize carbon capture and storage practices with this groundbreaking project.

Phil De Luna, Chief Carbon Scientist, Head of Engineering at Deep Sky noted, 

 At Deep Sky, we’re constantly on the lookout for new technologies that can capture carbon dioxide from the air or the ocean. The principle of engineered carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is relatively simple, separating a gas (CO2) from other gases (air) at very low concentrations. However, there are myriad ways and chemistries to make that separation happen.

RELATED: Deep Sky and Svante Partner for Gigaton-Scale CDR in Canada (carboncredits.com)

Understanding CO2 Mineralization

CO2 mineralization, also known as carbon capture and storage (CCS) through mineralization. It involves the conversion of CO2 into stable mineral forms through chemical reactions with certain rocks. This process mimics and accelerates the natural geological carbon sequestration process, locking away CO2 for thousands of years. 

Notably, Carbfix is a pioneer in “converting CO2 into stone”. The unique technique involves injecting CO2 into basaltic rock formations. Subsequently, reacting with minerals to form stable carbonates, effectively trapping the CO2 underground.

According to Carbfix, the company has injected 103, 273.5 MTs of CO2 since 2014. 

It believes Europe alone can “theoretically” store at least 4,000 billion tons of CO2 in rocks while the United States can store at least 7,500 billion tons.

Carbfix

source: Carbfix

Let’s understand how the joint venture will help implement the process.

Project Implementation

In this partnership, the companies will screen geological and geochemical data of the selected subsurface. They will conduct laboratory work on ultramafic rock formations in various Quebec regions of Canada.  

The CO2 mineralization storage project will involve the following key steps:

1. Site Selection: Identifying suitable basaltic rock formations for CO2 injection based on geological characteristics and proximity to emission sources.

2. Injection Process: Injecting CO2 captured from industrial sources into the selected basaltic reservoirs at controlled pressures and temperatures to initiate the mineralization reaction.

3. Monitoring and Verification: Implementing rigorous monitoring and verification protocols to assess the effectiveness of CO2 mineralization, track carbon storage volumes, and ensure the long-term integrity of storage sites.

4. Scaling Up: Scaling up the project to demonstrate its feasibility for large-scale deployment across various industrial sectors and geographical regions.

Subsequently, this data will assess the formations’ potential for in-situ carbon mineralization and safe, permanent CO2 sequestration. This is how their unique process transforms CO2 into stone underground within a couple of years.

Image of CO2 mineralization at an industrial scale 

Carbfix

Source: Carbfix

Potential Impact of Deep Sky-Carbfix Collaboration

The successful implementation of the Deep Sky-Carbfix CO2 mineralization storage project holds immense promise for addressing the global climate crisis. Some key anticipated impacts include:

Carbon Emission Reduction: It can significantly reduce carbon emissions from industrial sources by capturing and storing CO2 in mineral form. Thereby helping to meet emission reduction targets outlined in international climate agreements.

Climate Mitigation: It would contribute to climate mitigation efforts by removing CO2 from the atmosphere and preventing its release. Thus, mitigating the adverse effects of global warming and climate change.

Technology Adoption: It can enhance the adoption of CO2 mineralization technology as a cost-effective and sustainable CCS solution across various industries.

The company aims to rapidly and permanently store one billion tons of CO2 (1GtCO2) to play a pivotal role in addressing the climate crisis. 

Quebec’s Geological Heritage

Quebec boasts a rich and diverse geological history, with a wide variety of rocks shaped by volcanic activity, erosion, tectonic movements, and other geological processes over millions of years. The province’s geological heritage serves as a testament to the immense power of nature and a potential site for CO2 mineralization projects. 

Edda Aradottir, Carbfix CEO commented, 

“Our partnership with Deep Sky demonstrates Carbfix’s dedication to pioneering sustainable value chains and solutions for safe and permanent carbon storage. This collaboration in Québec is a key step towards realizing global net-zero ambitions, illustrating our shared commitment towards climate recovery.” 

By partnering with Carbfix, we believe Deep Sky has combined its innovative approach with the former’s state-of-the-art CO2 mineralization technology. 

FURTHER READING: Deep Sky & Mission Zero Partner to Turn Canada into A Carbon Removal Hub (carboncredits.com)

Brookfield’s Renewable Solutions to Power Data Centers

Jennifer L
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Brookfield’s Renewable Solutions to Power Data Centers

Brookfield Renewable Partners LP, a major player in the renewable energy sector, strategically positions itself to meet the soaring demand for electricity from data centers by leveraging its robust development pipeline and acquisition strategy. This strategy empowers the renewable energy giant to provide comprehensive supply solutions to data center clients requiring continuous power.

Data centers are power-hungry and are projected to expand massively, needing more electricity to cope with the artificial intelligence boom. Industry reports forecast that the increasing demand for AI power will continue to rise at an annual rate of 70% through 2027. 

Estimates also project that data centers’ power use could increase by up to 13% by 2030, alongside a predicted share of global carbon emissions reaching 6% by the same year.

data centers carbon footprint

Consequently, power companies, especially those operating under regulation, are investing heavily in renewable energy initiatives to accommodate this surging demand.

Brookfield’s Renewable Energy Solution for Data Centers

Brookfield’s Renewable Power & Transition arm manages $102 billion in assets and operates 7,000+ power facilities. As one of the world’s biggest investors in renewable and climate transition assets, the company boasts 33,000 megawatts of power generation capacity. 

The renewable giant operates across 5 continents and manages a diverse portfolio of solar, wind, hydro, and sustainable solutions. 

Brookfield Renewable’s parent company, Brookfield Asset Management, will develop over 10.5 GW of new renewable energy capacity globally over the next 5 years to meet its global energy demands. Microsoft Corp. has joined Brookfield in this initiative. 

Microsoft has already contracted 5.7 GW of US renewables capacity as of Feb. 28, with renewables developers securing contracts for over 4,012.6 MW of capacity in the 12 months ended Feb. 1 for data center use. Other hyperscalers (large-scale, highly optimized, and efficient facilities), such as Google and Amazon, have also pledged to curb their emissions. 

The recently announced framework agreement with Microsoft outlines the provision of renewable energy by Brookfield Renewable, commencing in the US and Europe between 2026 and 2030.

Since the announcement of this agreement, Brookfield Renewable’s stock surged by 17% to close at $24.66 on May 2.

Brookfield Renewable’s first-quarter 2024 funds from operations totaled $296 million, or 45 cents per unit. That’s a slight increase compared to $275 million, or 43 cents per unit, in the prior-year period. The consensus estimate for funds from operations by S&P Capital IQ was 42 cents per unit.

Partnering with Microsoft and Beyond

CEO Connor Teskey highlighted that a significant portion of this capacity will be in the U.S., where Brookfield Renewable has acquired development pipelines from various companies in recent years. These include Scout Clean Energy LLC, Standard Solar Inc., Duke Energy Corp., and Exelon Corp. 

Furthermore, Teskey noted that Brookfield Renewable has sufficient projects in development to accommodate multiple similar agreements and to expand its partnership with Microsoft. He projected that by 2026 to 2030, the company could potentially generate well over 10 GW of renewable energy annually. He said that:

“When you have such strong visibility on tens or multiple tens of gigawatts of offtake… it allows you to lean into looking to source equipment, looking to source financing because you know that demand is going to be there.”

Teskey’s sentiment seems to be in the right direction as the U.S. and Canada also witness an expansion in renewable energy generation.

Sustainable Growth: Meeting Energy Demands

In March, both countries saw an expansion in generating capacity by 450 MW, as reported by S&P Global Market Intelligence data, with the addition of three generation units. Wind energy accounted for the majority of completed capacity, comprising 71.6%, or 322 MW. Notably, there were no plant retirements during the month.

US and Canada power projects March 2024

Additionally, 8 new power plant units with a combined capacity of 1,246 MW were announced, with solar energy representing the majority at 54.2%. Among these announcements was a gas-fired facility.

As of April 25, the total operating capacity for the US and Canada reached 1,398 GW. Here are some of the largest completed and newly tracked projects. 

Completed Projects:

  • The 190-MW Paintearth Wind Project in Alberta under a 15-year power supply contract with Microsoft. Project owners are Potentia Renewables Inc., Greengate Power Corp., and Pansolo Holding Inc. 
  • The 132-MW South Fork Offshore Wind Project off the coast of Long Island, NY – jointly owned by Eversource Energy and Ørsted A/S.

Newly Tracked Projects:

  • The 445-MW gas-powered Ripley Energy Center Plant facility in Payne County, Okla, owned by the Associated Electric Cooperative. 
  • IP Quantum LLC’s proposed 374-MW Solace Solar Project in Haskell County, Texas.

As data center power needs surge amid the AI boom, Brookfield Renewable’s extensive renewable energy portfolio and partnerships with industry giants like Microsoft underscore its pivotal role in supplying sustainable solutions to meet the evolving energy demands of the digital age.

Weathering the Storm: The Rise of $25B Weather Derivatives Market

Jennifer L
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Weathering the Storm: The Rise of $25B Weather Derivatives Market

As companies and investors grapple with climate risks, a niche segment of Wall Street is gaining attention for offering protection against weather-related disruptions. 

The surge in demand for weather derivatives is driven by rising climate volatility and regulatory pressures, with average trading volumes soaring more than 260% in 2023, according to the CME Group. This reflects a growing awareness of the potential impact of weather events on businesses’ bottom lines.

The Meteoric Surge in Weather Derivatives

Weather derivatives, which provide a hedge against less severe but more common meteorological threats, are experiencing significant growth compared to better-known weather bets like catastrophe bonds. 

Unlike catastrophe bonds, which typically cover extreme events like 100-year storms, weather derivatives offer protection against a range of weather conditions such as excessive rainfall or high temperatures, which can impact industries like tourism, agriculture, and energy.

With weather derivatives, the seller assumes the risk associated with adverse weather conditions in exchange for a premium. Should no adverse weather events occur before the contract’s expiration, the seller stands to make a profit. Conversely, if unexpected or unfavorable weather conditions arise, the buyer of the derivative can claim the agreed-upon amount.

The expansion of weather derivative offerings by exchanges like the CME Group underscores the increasing demand for these products. Traders and companies now have access to options covering a variety of locations, reflecting the global reach of weather-related risks. 

In 2023, the average trading volumes for listed products experienced a remarkable surge of over 260%, as reported by the CME Group. Additionally, the number of outstanding contracts is currently 48% higher compared to the previous year. 

weather derivatives trading volume 2023 CME group

Despite this significant increase in publicly traded activity, industry estimates suggest that this segment represents only a fraction of the overall market, potentially accounting for as little as 10% of all activity. The outstanding derivatives in this sector may hold a notional value of up to $25 billion.

This growth trajectory is fueled by corporations’ growing recognition of their exposure to weather-related risks, driven by operational impacts, regulatory requirements, and investor pressures.

Forecasting Financial Climate Change

Regulators in jurisdictions like Europe and the US are increasingly requiring companies to disclose climate-related risks and mitigation strategies. This regulatory push, coupled with investor expectations, is compelling businesses to assess and address their exposure to weather-related risks. 

As a result, industries ranging from energy to agriculture are turning to weather derivatives to manage their risk exposure.

The energy sector, in particular, is embracing weather derivatives to mitigate the impact of weather fluctuations on demand and supply. Companies use weather hedges to offset the effects of warm weather on heating oil sales, while renewable energy producers seek to manage the intermittency of solar and wind power generation through weather derivatives.

In particular, Star Group LP, a US-based provider of home heating and air conditioning products and a distributor of heating oil, employs hedging strategies to minimize the impact of warm weather on its cash flows. 

As per its financial statements, the company has entered into contracts that allow it to potentially receive up to $12.5 million if temperatures recorded during the coverage period from November through March surpass specific thresholds. 

Following payouts received in recent financial years, including the full benefit in 2023, the maximum payment under these contracts has increased to $15 million for those payable in 2025. 

  • Advancements in meteorological science and technology are driving the development of more sophisticated weather derivative products. 

Companies like Syngenta are leveraging derivatives to offer innovative solutions to farmers, such as cash refunds for crop failures due to adverse weather conditions. These programs, underpinned by derivatives, demonstrate the potential for weather derivatives to protect individual end-users from climate-related risks.

climate-related risks

For example, Syngenta’s AgriClime program offers a unique proposition to farmers, pledging a cash refund for up to 30% of their purchase of specific crops if nature fails to provide suitable growing conditions. This initiative aims to provide a safety net for farmers in the event of adverse weather conditions, ensuring that their livelihoods are not jeopardized. 

During the UK’s last planting season, such payouts were made to 99% of Syngenta’s hybrid barley customers, underscoring the program’s effectiveness in supporting farmers during challenging times. Syngenta said that its AgriClime program extends to cover a variety of crops across over 50,000 farms spanning 17 countries. 

Navigating the Climate Economy: Challenges and Opportunities in Weather Derivatives

However, the growth of the weather derivatives market raises questions about moral hazard and the effectiveness of financial solutions in addressing climate change. 

Critics argue that mitigating the financial impact of weather events may reduce incentives for corporations to address their contributions to climate change. Despite these concerns, industry practitioners emphasize the positive role of weather derivatives in funding renewable energy projects and protecting communities from climate challenges.

Challenges such as basis risk and lack of secondary trading liquidity have historically hindered the growth of the weather derivatives market. Basis risk, in particular, poses challenges in effectively hedging against localized weather risks. 

However, market players remain optimistic about the future of weather derivatives, citing their growing relevance in addressing climate-related risks and their increasing integration into mainstream financial markets.

In conclusion, the weather derivatives market is experiencing rapid growth as businesses seek to mitigate the financial impact of climate-related risks. While challenges remain, the increasing demand for weather derivatives underscores their importance in managing weather-related uncertainties in an era of climate change.

Unraveling US EPA’s Bold Emission Rule for Fossil Fuel Power Plants

Jennifer L
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Unraveling US EPA’s Bold Emission Rule for Fossil Fuel Power Plants

The debate over new carbon dioxide limits for power plants has centered on carbon capture technology, with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defending its readiness despite industry skepticism.

The EPA had finalized a rule establishing carbon emissions standards for coal- and new gas-fired generation, effectively requiring carbon capture technology for many power plants. This climate policy was first revealed in April last year.

Under the new EPA mandate, coal plants must implement carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. This technology involves capturing CO2 from power plant emissions and then storing it underground to prevent it from entering the atmosphere. 

The EPA’s New Mandate for Coal Plants

The directive is a bold ultimatum for coal-fired power plants to either capture their smoketstack emissions or face shut down. The new rule aligns with President Joe Biden’s pledge to combat carbon pollution from fossil fuel-fired electric plants by 2035 and economy-wide by 2050. 

The latest restrictions on GHG emissions represent the Biden administration’s most aggressive stance to fight global warming. President Biden’s National Climate Advisor Ali Zaidi, made a promise that,  

“This year, the United States is projected to build more new electric generation capacity than we have in two decades – and 96 percent of that will be clean,” 

US EPA carbon emissions rule power plant type

Here are the main points of the EPA’s new carbon emissions rule for power plants: 

  • Existing coal-fired plants intending long-term operation and all new baseload gas-fired plants must control 90% of their carbon pollution.
  • Boost the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) for coal-fired power plants, tightening toxic metal emissions standards by 67% and finalizing a 70% reduction in mercury emissions from existing lignite-fired sources
  • Cut pollutants discharged through wastewater from coal-fired power plants by over 660 M pounds/year, guaranteeing cleaner water for impacted communities, particularly those with environmental justice concerns facing disproportionate impacts.
  • Safe management of coal ash in previously unregulated areas, including disposal sites prone to leakage and groundwater contamination.

Coal remains the largest energy source for electricity generation, steelmaking, and cement production. However, it’s also the largest source of man-made carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

The Rule’s Climate Impact and Benefits

The EPA’s finalized rule on carbon emissions standards for power plants is projected to have significant financial and climate impacts.

According to EPA estimates, industry compliance with the rule could cost between $7.5 billion and $19 billion through 2047. However, the agency also anticipates substantial climate and public health benefits, totaling to $370 billion over the next two decades. 

  • In terms of emissions reductions, the rule is forecasted to prevent 38 million metric tons of CO2 emissions in 2028 and 123 million metric tons in 2035.

Mona Dajani, global co-chair of energy, infrastructure, and hydrogen at Baker Botts, emphasized that the rule sends a clear message to power plant operators about the end of unlimited carbon pollution. While carbon capture technology will contribute to emissions reductions, the EPA projects that the greatest impact will come from coal plant retirements prompted by the rule.

By 2035, the agency expects US coal-fired capacity to decrease to about 20 GW, comprising 19 GW with carbon capture and 1 GW with natural gas co-firing. This contrasts with a scenario without the regulations, where coal-fired capacity would consist of 11 GW with carbon capture and 41 GW of unabated coal plants.

new gas generation by 2030 in US

Regarding gas-fired generation, the EPA anticipates 1GW of capacity with carbon capture and 484 GW without carbon capture by 2035. Additionally, the EPA announced plans to set carbon limits for existing gas-fired power plants in a future rulemaking process.

However, this decision has ignited debate from industrialists and environmental stalwarts. Trade groups also criticized the standards, questioning the feasibility of capturing and storing CO2 emissions, echoing concerns raised after the EPA’s initial proposal in May 2023.

Challenges and Controversies

Dan Brouillette, president and CEO of the Edison Electric Institute (EEI), stated that CCS is not yet ready for full-scale deployment and that there isn’t enough time to develop the necessary infrastructure for compliance by 2032.

While CCS involves scrubbing CO2 from emissions sources like power plants for underground storage, operational implementations are not enough. Currently, only one utility-scale US power plant, W.A. Parish 5-8, utilizes carbon capture technology, with the captured gas used for oil extraction. The abandonment of another project in Kemper County, Miss., led to significant costs for Southern Co., raising doubts about CCS.

Some industry groups, such as the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA), have challenged the legality of the rule. NRECA CEO Jim Matheson criticized the rule as unlawful, unrealistic, and unachievable, arguing that it undermines electric reliability and poses risks to an already strained electric grid. 

  • However, the EPA highlighted technological advancements and federal incentives making CCS more economically viable in its final rule.

The expansion of tax credits for carbon capture under the US Inflation Reduction Act in 2022, now valued at up to $85 per metric ton of CO2 stored, has bolstered support. Additionally, process improvements from previous CCS deployments have contributed to cost reductions.

The EPA noted that some companies have already planned to install CCS on their units independent of regulatory requirements, indicating growing industry interest in the technology’s potential.

The new rule’s first provision allows units to respond to declared grid emergencies without being held accountable for their CO2 emissions, providing a short-term mechanism to address urgent situations. The second provision permits US states to delay compliance measures for certain units in the event of unanticipated grid reliability issues. 

States have the option to include both reliability exceptions in the plans they submit to the EPA for implementing the new rule.

As the debate rages on, the EPA’s carbon emission standards mark a pivotal moment in the nation’s energy transition, highlighting the delicate balance between environmental goals and industry realities.

Callirius and Cula Forge Alliance for Biochar Project Funding and Monitoring

Saptakee S
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Callirius and Cula Forge Alliance for Biochar Project Funding and Monitoring

In a groundbreaking partnership, Germany’s climate solutions giant, Callirius AG has joined forces with Cula Technologies to expand highly efficient biochar projects. Their goal is to boost transparency and credibility in a market that frequently faces quality concerns and reputational risks.

Cula, also based in Germany develops processes for digital measurement, reporting, and verifying (dMRV) the climate impact of biochar projects while Callirius provides customized financial products to attract essential private capital into top-tier carbon projects.

Revolutionizing Biochar: Callirius and Cula’s Comprehensive Project Overhaul

David Steinmetz, Natural Climate Solutions Specialist, Callirius has expressed his views on this deal, he noted, 

“The MRV data from Cula Technologies perfectly complements the project information collected elsewhere in our quality assessment. The precise and reliable data gives companies and investors the necessary confidence to be sure that their funds are flowing into projects that can demonstrate real climate impact.”

Addressing Data Reliability Challenges

Producing biochar from biomass and utilizing it in agriculture or construction is significantly promising for climate change mitigation. However, ensuring the integrity of biochar with the carbon credit demands requires meticulous monitoring to prevent fraud. 

Callirius and Cula gave a joint statement highlighting risks associated with manually entered data. They believe that the conventional process of climate impact verification and carbon credit distribution can create inaccuracies and potential manipulation. Consequently, it can also undermine trust and credibility, discouraging investment in such projects.

Innovative and technical monitoring platforms are necessary to prevent such errors.

Introducing Innovative Machine-Based Monitoring Platforms

In this partnership, Cula Technologies, renowned for its innovative technology solutions, introduces its advanced monitoring platform. Check out the details of the top-notch technology as described by Cula team: 

  1. Data integration: This highly innovative platform combines machine data, tracking data, and laboratory data to ensure reliability throughout the entire biochar production and utilization process. 
  2. Using CSI: Through an API interface, this data seamlessly transfers to Carbon Standards International (CSI), facilitating automatic, transparent, and secure data flow. This streamlined process allows for the direct issuance of carbon credits based on data. 

Oliver Erb, Co-Founder, of Cula Technologies noted, 

“The partnership between Callirius and Cula represents a decisive step in directing more financial resources into high-quality climate solutions. Callirius’ customers receive an unparalleled depth of information, enabling them to identify the most impactful climate protection projects on a data-driven basis and monitor them transparently. This in turn accelerates investment in carbon removal projects, which is urgently needed to take this market to a climate-relevant level.”

READ MORE: NetZero Raises Over $19M for Biochar Expansion in Brazil (carboncredits.com)

Data Integration onto Callirius Platform 

The next step is the integration of this data onto the Callirius platform. The outcome would be enhanced project verifiability, enabling companies to support initiatives with a big impact on climate viability.

  • Callirius uses AI to ensure the high quality of its biochar projects 

The company leverages solid data from various sources like remote sensing, soil samples, biochar projects, camera traps, and machine data. These types of data undergo rigorous monitoring by AI to validate their quality and impact on climate. All types of project-specific due diligence reports gather and consolidate detailed information from the quality inspection process. 

Furthermore, the company enables climate solutions by offering investors access to a curated array of nature-based projects. They design optimal funding structures that align with the requirements of both project owners and funding providers. The fund provides an opportunity to invest in diversified portfolios of projects in their early stage.

The image depicts the Cumulative Biochar production capacity by region in Europe at the end of 2022; Germany dominates.

Biochar

BLOCK Biochar: Revolutionizing Real-Time Biochar Production 

BLOCK Biochar, a project in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, is taking a comprehensive approach to biochar production and utilization. They source biomass mainly from nearby farms. 

The company processes the biomass into biochar using the advanced Carbo-FORCE pyrolysis system and finally spreads it on the surrounding agricultural land. Their highly efficient carbonization plants are developed and manufactured in Germany.

“The Carbo-FORCE system is an innovative pyrolysis technology that aims to optimize biochar production while generating more energy than it consumes.” 

Steffen Block, CEO, of BLOCK Biochar has expressed his sentiments on this project, he said, 

“From our perspective, transparent and seamless data transmission in carbon removal projects is the crucial lever to ensure the reliability of sinks and mitigate climate change in the near future. With our two strong partners, Cula Technologies and Callirius, we believe we are well positioned for this future and furthermore, we are pleased to offer Callirius customers our carbon credits.”

Block Biochar project is revolutionizing biochar production by incorporating technology into its system. The project is setting new standards in sustainability as Cula and Callirius are handling it jointly. It is harnessing machine data integrated into its biochar verification process to bolster confidence in the project’s climate impact. 

Cula diligently monitors all production steps, while Callirius aptly markets carbon credits generated from biochar manufacturing. We expect this dynamic partnership to drive innovation and sustainability in biochar projects to the next level.

Indian Ocean’s Massive CO2 Storage Potential to Propel India’s Decarbonization Goals

Saptakee S
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0
Indian Ocean’s Massive CO2 Storage Potential to Propel India’s Decarbonization Goals

Researchers from IIT Madras have discovered that the Indian Ocean could be a promising site for storing massive amounts of carbon dioxide permanently. They propose CO2 storage in liquid pools or solid hydrates at certain depths, which they believe won’t harm the marine ecosystems. This strategy could aid India in decarbonizing its industrial hubs and achieving its 2070 net-zero target. 

Unlocking the Research Insights of the Indian Ocean’s CO2 Storage Potential

Many renowned oceanographers have noted that, among all the world’s oceans, the Indian Ocean is possibly the most under-researched. CCS involves capturing CO2 emissions from industrial sources or the atmosphere and storing them deep underground or in oceanic reservoirs. 

Currently, IIT-Madras is exploring the carbon sequestration capacity of this ocean basin. Here are the key points from their findings:

CO2 Storage Capacity

Researchers have estimated that the Bay of Bengal, the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean could alone sequester several hundred gigatons of anthropogenic CO2 in ocean and marine sediments. This quantity is equal to the total greenhouse gas emissions produced by India over several years.

CO2 Storage Forms 

The research findings further state that stored CO2 can exist in two forms:

Gas Hydrates: Beyond a certain depth (deeper than 500 meters), the stored CO2 can form an environmentally friendly ice-like substance known as “gas hydrates”. Under oceanic conditions, approximately 150-170 cubic meters of CO2 can be sequestered by one cubic meter of gas hydrate.

Liquid Pools and Solid Hydrates: At depths exceeding 2800 meters, CO2 can be permanently stored as liquid pools and solid hydrates. Once converted into gas hydrate, CO2 cannot escape into the atmosphere due to gravitational and hydrate permeability barriers within the subsea sediments.

Professor Jitendra Sangwai, Dept of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras spearheading the research has identified the foundation of the study. He said, 

“Methane hydrate have been in the ocean for millions of years without affecting the environment. Methane is more potent GHG than CO2. This attracts researchers to explore the ocean to store CO2 permanently.” 

IIT Madras’ research provides crucial insights into optimizing CO2 storage strategies. By examining factors such as clay concentration, additive properties, and local ocean floor characteristics, researchers can identify the most efficient methods for subsea CO2 sequestration.

This pioneering research from IIT Madras offers significant promise for India’s efforts against climate change. By leveraging the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal’s CO2 storage potential, India can take strides towards its decarbonization goals and pave the way for a more sustainable future.

A similar study was conducted at the National University of Singapore. The research team at NUS said that this technology has the potential to evolve into a commercial-scale process. It could enable countries like Singapore to efficiently sequester more than 2MTs of CO2 annually as hydrates to meet emission reduction targets.

This image will define the process of storing CO2 in oceans.

co2 storage

Ensuring the Safety of the Marine Ecosystem

While using the ocean as a CO2 storage sink is attractive, direct storage at shallow depths could harm marine life. Therefore, they need to store the CO2 permanently in the ocean at specific depths or at sub-sea sediments to avoid ecological damage to the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, and surrounding coastal areas.

Mr. Yogendra Kumar Mishra, a research scholar at IIT Madras has pointed out, 

“There are various methods for CO2 sequestration,” said “While the ocean presents a viable storage solution, directly injecting CO2 into shallow waters can harm marine life. Our research explores permanent storage options at greater depths.”

Oceanic Carbon Capture Bolstering India’s Pledge to Net Zero 

However, India is looking for a long-term and large-scale CO2 sequestration technology to decarbonize heavy industries like power, steel, and transport. Oceanic CO2 capture has massive potential to transition toward carbon neutrality. 

Looking back, Europe adapted this approach to store CO2 in the North Sea. Northern European countries like Denmark and Norway are actively implementing carbon sequestration initiatives in the North Sea. These programs involve capturing CO2 and storing it in old oil and gas reservoirs or saline aquifers beneath the seabed. Most CCS programs are governed by the laws of the hosting country, despite some efforts toward international cooperation.

Similarly, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal offer vast expanses where captured CO2 can be safely stored, potentially mitigating the impacts of climate change.

As governments commit to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, they are addressing the challenge of managing residual CO2 emissions, particularly from heavy industries.

India’s pursuit of CCS technology for ocean CO2 capture aligns with its broader climate goals. It includes the country’s commitment to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.

By investing in CCS initiatives’ research, development, and implementation, India aims to shrink its carbon footprint and contribute to global climate change.

In summary, this research provides a promising avenue for addressing climate change by leveraging the vast potential of the Indian Ocean’s CO2 storage and sequestration.

Global Lithium Reserves and Resources Surge 52% in Q1 2024

Jennifer L
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0
Global Lithium Reserves and Resources Surge 52% in Q1 2024

The global lithium industry witnessed significant growth in reserves and resources during the first quarter of 2024, surging to 303.5 million metric tons, a remarkable 52.2% increase compared to the same period in 2021, per S&P Global Commodity Insights.

This uptrend aligns with the 2023 trajectory, where lithium reserves and resources expanded by 36.9 million metric tons. Despite this surge, lithium prices experienced fluctuations. While they soared to historic highs in 2022, reaching $79,650 per metric ton in China, they have since cooled down, resting at $15,250 per metric ton as of April 17, 2024. 

Nonetheless, experts suggest a prevailing upward trajectory in lithium demand and lithium prices since 2016. However, short-term challenges such as recent price corrections and surpluses in battery metals have been noted. 

Still, medium-term supply deficits are anticipated to sustain interest in lithium exploration despite these fluctuations.

lithium reserves and resources 2019-2024

Mining Titans: Global Lithium Reserves Unearthed

Geographically, Argentina emerges as the global leader in lithium reserves and resources, contributing 29.6% in the Q1 of 2024. The United States comes second at 24.0% and followed by Bolivia at 18.2%.

top 5 countries quarterly lithium reserves and resources

Meanwhile, Australia, renowned as the top lithium producer globally, possesses 22.1 million metric tons of reserves and resources, securing the 6th position in global rankings.

Remarkably, Canada has shown substantial growth in its lithium sector. Its share of reserves and resources increase by 273.1% since Q1 of 2019, amounting to 28.2 million Mt in Q1 of 2024. This growth is underpinned by a surge in lithium exploration budgets, which spiked by 120% in 2023, marking the third consecutive year of expansion.

Canada, especially Quebec, is displaying a strong enthusiasm for the lithium and battery sectors. The country focuses on establishing a complete supply chain from mining to electric vehicle (EV) production. 

Lithium production in North America

Jean-François Béland, Ressources Québec’s Vice President, highlighted the imperative of car electrification, noting the demand will be there, whatever happens. He further stated that “lithium and critical minerals are, in the 21st century, what coal was in the 19th century and what oil was in the 20th century.”

Lithium’s Role in the EV Revolution

According to the S&P Global Commodity data, lithium-ion battery capacity is projected to reach 6.5 TWh by 2030. Lithium is recognized as a crucial component in manufacturing EVs and is considered the cornerstone of achieving net zero emissions. 

The demand for lithium-powered EV batteries is anticipated to grow annually at a rate exceeding 22%. And the EV transport segment will capture 93% of the market share by 2030.

In response to the challenges posed by the pandemic and geopolitical tensions, companies are adopting these strategies to cope:

  • Reevaluating undeveloped lithium assets,
  • Expediting projects, and
  • Exploring new opportunities.

This trend has been further fueled by national government policies that advocate for energy transition and support battery supply chains.

The global lithium exploration arena has also witnessed significant financial inflows. Exploration budgets skyrocketed to a historic high of $830 billion in 2023, marking a 77% increase. 

Notably, four countries—Australia, Canada, Argentina, and the United States—each allocated over $100 million for lithium exploration in 2023. Collectively, they represent almost 75% of the global lithium exploration budgets for the year. 

Looking ahead, projections indicate further expansion in lithium production. China expected to capitalize on lower-quality deposits and Bolivia is poised to elevate its status as a formidable lithium producer, leveraging its substantial lithium reserves of 39.0 million metric tons.

Balancing Demand and Production

In a separate report by Benchmark’s Solid-State and Lithium Metal Forecast, the global lithium metal production struggles to keep pace with the surging demand. The sector encounters challenges in securing sufficient lithium metal for battery manufacturing, despite its substantial capacity potential.

In 2024, if all viable lithium metal produced were allocated to batteries, it could potentially support the production of 5 to 10 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of cells. 

However, a considerable portion of lithium metal is directed towards other industries, resulting in a supply shortfall this year. This deficit is projected to escalate from nearly 10 GWh in 2024 to about 60 GWh by 2026.

Interestingly, trading of the metal on platforms like CME Group Inc. is witnessing a notable uptick. This has garnered more interest from funds, even as prices of battery metals decline, showing market resilience.

The first quarter of 2024 marks a pivotal moment in the global lithium industry, with reserves and resources experiencing a remarkable surge. Despite price fluctuations, the upward trajectory in demand and prices remains evident as governments advocate for clean and sustainable energy transition.

Ford’s EV Sales in U.S. Surge by Over 200%

Jennifer L
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Ford’s EV Sales in U.S. Surge by Over 200%

As the global transport sector continues to electrify mobility, Ford Motor Company reported a surge in EV sales amidst a slight overall drop in vehicle sales. Explore the key figures and trends driving Ford’s EV market growth, signaling promising developments for the company’s electrification strategy.

Ford’s EV Momentum

The American automaker reported 179,588 new vehicle sales in April, which reflects a slight decrease of 2.4% year-over-year. However, in the first four months of the year, Ford recorded 687,671 vehicle sales, marking a 4.2% increase compared to the same period last year.

Despite the overall softer performance compared to the previous year, Ford’s sales of electric vehicles (EVs) notably surged.

In April, Ford achieved a notable increase in EV sales, with 8,019 units sold, representing a remarkable 129% growth from the previous year. This surge in EV sales is promising for the company’s performance in the second quarter. 

Ford all electric vehicle sales in US

Additionally, the proportion of EVs out of Ford’s total sales volume increased significantly, reaching 4.7%, up from 2.0% a year ago.

Ford all EV sales US percent

All three of Ford’s EV models contributed to this growth. The company sold 4,893 units of the Mustang Mach-E (up 205% year-over-year), 2,090 units of the F-150 Lightning (up 57% year-over-year), and 1,036 units of the E-Transit (up 86% year-over-year).

In the U.S. market, Ford has sold over 28,000 all-electric vehicles so far this year, marking a substantial 97% increase from the previous year. These EV sales constitute about 4.3% of Ford’s total sales volume.

Looking ahead, Ford aims to reach 100,000 units of EV sales this year. The company anticipates further growth, particularly in the sales of the F-150 Lightning, despite a slower start in 2024 compared to expectations. Ford recently resumed shipping the 2024 model year of the F-150 Lightning after a hiatus of over two months, accompanied by new pricing adjustments.

In April, the Ford Mustang Mach-E sales reached 4,893 units, reflecting a significant 205% increase from the previous year. However, production levels of the Mach-E in Mexico have decreased compared to last year, possibly due to supply outpacing demand.

The Ford E-Transit van also experienced robust sales growth in April, with 1,036 units sold, marking an 86% increase year-over-year. However, Ford does not disclose sales figures for other plug-in models, such as the Ford Escape PHEV, and Lincoln’s PHEV sales data remains undisclosed as well.

Powering the EV Surge

Same with other automakers, Ford’s EV surge rely on a critical mineral hailed as “white gold” – lithium. Lithium is a key component in the batteries that power EVs.

According to a report by S&P Global, lithium prices saw a slight increase in March. This uptick can be attributed to several factors, including production cuts, auction outcomes, and a more positive outlook regarding demand for traction batteries.

Many lithium producers have highlighted the challenge of accurately predicting the prices they will receive for their products during their fourth-quarter 2023 earnings calls. In response to changing market conditions, the world’s largest lithium producers adjusted or modified their investment strategies.

Nevertheless, strategic investments aimed at securing future lithium supply are on the rise, with major automakers and lithium producers committing over $1 billion in 2023 alone.

For example, GM invested $650 million in Lithium Americas, while Albemarle allocated $110 million to lithium developer Patriot Battery Metals. Projections say this trend will persist as companies strive to ensure their access to raw materials for EV batteries.

Securing Lithium for Global EV Expansion

As EV penetration expands worldwide, the demand for lithium is projected to surpass supply, particularly as EVs become mainstream. 

Though analysts note that growth in the EV market has been tapering off, it’s essential to maintain perspective. In 2021, EV sales more than doubled, experiencing a remarkable growth rate of nearly 120%.

In 2022, electric vehicle (EV) sales surged by almost 60%. Although this growth rate decelerated in 2023, the year still witnessed a remarkable 35% increase in global electric car sales.

global EV sales 2016-2023

The German luxury carmaker, Mercedes-Benz, recently revealed its all-electric truck, the G-Wagon. Meanwhile, the EV giant, Tesla, reported a dip in its profits with lower vehicle sales, but production targets remain strong. 

Batteries constitute a substantial portion of EV costs, presenting an opportunity for EV makers to either boost profits per vehicle sold or, more likely, reduce prices to stay competitive as competitors do the same. Lower prices typically attract more buyers, leading to increased demand for lithium.

Ford’s recent sales report reveals a mixed performance in overall vehicle sales but shows a significant surge in EV sales, signaling promising growth while underlining Ford’s commitment to electric mobility that aligns with broader EV market trends.

As Ford targets 100,000 units of EV sales this year, strategic investments in securing future lithium supply and the global expansion of EV penetration are pivotal. 

Russia Power Plays: Deploys Military Might Over Africa’s Critical Minerals

Saptakee S
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Russia Power Plays: Deploys Military Might Over Africa’s Critical Minerals

Russia’s increasing influence in African countries and its focus on critical minerals pose significant challenges for the West. In a historic announcement on March 16 this year, Niger declared the immediate termination of its military cooperation with the US. The country nullified a military agreement that permitted US bases on its territory.

Critics argue that Russia’s resource-driven approach may exacerbate existing governance challenges, including corruption, environmental degradation, and social unrest.

As reported by Oregon News, Niger’s military junta and US officials, had a crucial meeting during which the latter conveyed apprehensions regarding Russia’s growing military involvement in the nation. Niger made the “announcement” immediately after the meeting. Additionally, concerns were raised about attempts by the junta to renegotiate mining contracts with potential implications for energy leverage against Western interests. 

Let’s learn how Russia’s pursuits for Africa’s critical minerals can impact the country and its global resource acquisition efforts.  

Russia’s Quest for African Mineral Resources

One of the focal points of Russia’s interest lies in rare earth elements (REEs), essential components in various high-tech applications, including electronics, renewable energy technologies, and defense systems.

Africa boasts 30% of the world’s mineral reserves, making it an attractive target for resource-hungry nations like Russia.

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) emerges as a prime target in Russia’s mineral quest, given its abundant cobalt reserves, a crucial element in lithium-ion batteries powering EVs and smartphones. Russia’s interest in cobalt aligns with its ambitions to establish a stronger foothold in the rapidly expanding electric vehicle market.

In addition to cobalt, Russia has set its sights on other critical minerals such as lithium, vanadium, and platinum group metals. All these REEs are indispensable to modern industries involved in energy storage, battery and catalytic converters, etc.

Furthermore, Russia had always weighed minerals as a currency. They have intervened in Africa to bolster their control through paramilitary means. By providing security and employing intimidation tactics, Russia grabbed lucrative mining agreements. Furthermore, it offers military support to sustain the weaker regimes.

Russian tactics are in absolute contrast to the Western nations. The country operates ruthlessly without considering human rights, democracy, or legal frameworks.

Russia Intensifies Use of Private Military Companies (PMCs) in Africa

According to media reports, in recent years Russia has increased deployment of private military contractors (PMCs) to put a tight foothold on the continent. PMCs are for-profit organizations that provide combat, security, and logistical services for hire.

Russian PMCs first arrived in Africa under a contract with the Libyan Cement Company in 2017.

One notable example of Russia’s use of PMCs in Africa is its involvement in the Central African Republic (CAR). In 2018, the Russian government signed a military cooperation agreement with the CAR, leading to the deployment of the Wagner Group, the most famous Russian PMC.

Subsequently, the PMCs have swiftly extended their presence into Sub-Saharan Africa. They operate in Sudan, the Central African Republic (CAR), Madagascar, Mozambique, and Libya.

The group trains local armed forces to use Russian-supplied arms, protects Russian-operated gold, uranium, and diamond mines, and acts as bodyguard and advisor to the Central African president.

Africa’s Share of Critical Mineral Wealth

A few years back the World Bank projected that a ~ 500% rise in the production of key minerals and metals like lithium, graphite, and cobalt by 2050 is needed to meet global demand for REEs.

With a focus on revenue within Africa, the McKinsey Group has conducted an evaluation. It states:

  • Africa could generate between US $200 million and US $2 billion of additional annual revenue by 2030 and create up to 3.8 million jobs by building a competitive, low-carbon manufacturing sector.
  • Additionally, minerals could play a crucial role in meeting African citizens’ huge housing and transport needs by driving the sustainable development of these sectors. 

Africa holds 40% of the world’s gold and up to 90% of its chromium and platinum reserves. The continent also possesses the largest cobalt, diamonds, platinum, and uranium globally. Zimbabwe has huge lithium potential while Zambia’s copper reserves are capable of substantial revenue generation.

Despite owning 30% of the world’s mineral reserves, Africa accounts for less than 10% of global mining exploration spending. For instance, untapped raw mineral deposits in the DRC are estimated to be worth more than US$24 trillion.

Therefore, accessing Africa’s abundant resources is imperative to achieve these ambitious goals.

Image: Distribution of Africa’s shares of global production of selected critical minerals.

critical mineral

Russia’s Engagement in Africa: Understanding Strategic Motivations

1. Bypassing sanctions: Gold and diamonds provide Russia with a means to circumvent economic sanctions enforced since the invasion of Ukraine. Africa, boasting 40% of the world’s gold reserves and the largest diamond reserves, serves as a key resource hub.

2. Geopolitical influence: As already explained, Russia has established fresh military and political alliances to reduce Western influence in African nations. Specifically, Russia offers “regime survival packages” in exchange for natural resource extraction rights, bolstering its geopolitical standing. This serves as a huge vantage point for native Africans. 

Moreover, Russia’s engagement in African mineral extraction extends beyond traditional mining operations. The Kremlin has forged strategic partnerships and investment deals with African nations, leveraging its resource extraction and infrastructure development. These partnerships often come bundled with political and military agreements, bolstering Russia’s influence in Africa.

A stark example is the Blood Gold Report’s Findings that stated, 

“The Kremlin has earned more than US$2.5 billion from trade in African gold since Vladimir Putin launched his full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.”

Is Russia’s Intervention Loosening the West’s Grip on Africa? 

The intensification of Russia’s mineral scramble in Africa has raised concerns among Western powers and regional stakeholders. They anticipate worse implications from the geopolitical dynamics and local governance. Critics argue that Russia’s resource-driven approach may exacerbate existing governance challenges, including corruption, environmental degradation, and social unrest.

Furthermore, Russia’s expanding presence in African mineral extraction poses a potential challenge to Western dominance in resource markets. It prompts calls for increased vigilance and strategic engagement from Western policymakers.

Niger’s Recent Decision: A Threat to the West

Niger, the world’s seventh-largest producer of uranium, supplies France this vital resource for nuclear power generation. Apart from uranium, Niger has abundant natural resources of coal, gold, iron ore, and phosphates.

However, Niger’s recent decision to temporarily halt the issuance of new mining licenses highlights the challenges faced in maintaining stable supply chains.

Niger’s situation exemplifies the broader concern regarding Russia’s increasing influence in African nations.

It poses a looming threat to the West in securing its critical mineral supply chains. The withdrawal of US troops from neighboring Chad is another testament to the burgeoning geopolitical tensions.

Jack Watling, land warfare specialist at the Royal United Services Institute (Rusi) has examined the situation and commented,

“While lithium and gold mines are clearly important, in Niger the Russians are endeavoring to gain a similar set of concessions that would strip French access to the uranium mines in the country.”

Image: Share of Africa’s critical minerals and their global demand projections 

Africa critical mineral

As Russia continues to deepen its involvement in Africa’s mineral sector, the geopolitical implications will likely reverberate far beyond its borders. Balancing the economic opportunities with the geopolitical risks inherent in this mineral scramble will be paramount for both African nations and the broader international community.

Tesla Can Trade Carbon Credits in South Korea, Valued at $145M

Jennifer L
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0
Tesla Can Trade Carbon Credits in South Korea, Valued at $145M

In a significant development, Tesla has received approval from South Korea’s Ministry of Environment to sell regulatory automotive emission credits, also called carbon credits domestically, marking a pivotal moment for the electric vehicle giant. This move creates new revenue opportunities for Tesla while demonstrating a deeper integration of EVs into the South Korean market.

As reported by Korea Economy TV, Tesla currently possesses around 4 million grams/km of carbon credits in South Korea. Based on current penalty rates, the credits are valued at up to 200 billion won (around $145 million). The carmaker can sell these credits to its peers and earn starting this year. 

Driving Towards Net Zero: South Korea’s Green Mobility Goals

Korea’s ambitious push toward achieving 2050 net zero carbon emissions hinges on transitioning from internal combustion engines to eco-friendly vehicles.

The country aims to bolster its fleet with an accumulated 2.8 million eco-friendly vehicles by 2025, encompassing battery-powered electric vehicles (BEVs), fuel-cell EVs, and hybrids. Looking ahead to 2030, the government targets a significant expansion, aiming for 7.85 million eco-friendly vehicles. 

This would mean that 30% of all vehicles in Korea will draw power from electricity. Additionally, a staggering 83% of newly sold cars in 2030 would need to be eco-friendly models.

Such ambitious goals are not merely symbolic; the government anticipates a 24% reduction in GHG emissions over the next decade. This is crucial for the overarching aim of achieving net zero emissions by 2050.

green car initiative Korea

In South Korea, regulations mandate that automakers maintain average greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions below a specified standard. There are penalties for non-compliance, 50,000 won per g/km, or the option to purchase credits from other companies. 

The Ministry of Environment is responsible for implementing emission regulations for engines and vehicles in the country, with the National Institute of Environmental Research serving as an advisory body.

Korea adopts emission standards from either European or US sources depending on the application:

  • Light-duty gasoline vehicles adhere to US/California standards.
  • Light-duty diesel vehicles follow European standards.
  • Heavy-duty trucks and bus engines comply with European regulations.
  • Mobile nonroad diesel engines adhere to US standards.

Tesla’s Path to Carbon Credit Approval

Tesla’s entry into the carbon credit market in South Korea adds a new dimension to the country’s efforts to tackle automotive emissions.

However, Tesla faced challenges in establishing itself in South Korea’s emission credit market. The EV leader’s efforts were initially hindered by regulatory limitations that restricted participation to automakers selling over 4,500 vehicles annually as of 2009. 

But through persistent advocacy efforts, Tesla Korea successfully lobbied for regulatory amendments in 2021 to enable its participation.

The final hurdle was obtaining approval from the Ministry of Environment, which was granted earlier this year. This clears the way for Tesla to engage in carbon credit trading in South Korea. The Ministry highlighted the collaborative process involved, including consultations with other governmental bodies like the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy.

The sale of carbon credits has proven to be a lucrative revenue stream for Tesla, with the opportunity to enter the Korean market poised to bolster the company’s position even further. 

Tesla’s Carbon Credit Success

In 2023 alone, Tesla raked in $1.79 billion from the sale of carbon credits. Since 2009, the total revenue generated from this source has amounted to nearly $9 billion for Tesla.

Tesla annual carbon credit sales 2023 record high

In its first-quarter 2024 filings, Tesla disclosed a $442 million income from the sale of carbon credits. This amount reflects a modest 2% uptick from the preceding quarter of Q4 2023, which stood at $433 million.

Notably, this revenue from credits constitutes a significant portion of the company’s Q1 2024 net income, amounting to a staggering 38.6% of $1,144 million.

Tesla’s success in South Korea extends beyond emission credits, with the Model Y’s popularity propelling Tesla to become the country’s second-largest vehicle importer as of March 2024, surpassing established brands like Mercedes-Benz. With 6,025 vehicle registrations in March 2024, Tesla has firmly entrenched itself in the South Korean automotive market.

In summary, Tesla’s entry into South Korea’s carbon credit market represents a significant milestone in the company’s expansion and sustainability efforts. Overcoming regulatory hurdles and securing approval positions Tesla to play a crucial role in shaping the future of automotive emissions in South Korea.

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