Levi Strauss showed its commitment to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 under its new slate of sustainability goals detailed in its 2021 Sustainability report.
There are 16 sustainability goals that the giant apparel brand is focusing on under three major pillars – climate, consumption, and community.
Commenting on the company’s goals, CEO and President Chip Bergh said that:
“These goals are crucial to the future of our business… By doubling down on sustainability and ESG reporting at Levi Strauss & Co., we are committed to being transparent about our progress on ESG matters and working to address the most pressing challenges of our time…”
A big part of Levi’s goals is to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions and achieve net zero by 2050.
Levi’s Net Zero Goal by 2050
In tackling climate change, the company pledges to face it head-on. Levi’s stated in its report that:
“Reducing our climate footprint across our value chain and galvanizing others for collective action are top priorities… This includes reducing energy use and emissions as well as innovating to reduce freshwater use in our own operations and our supply chain — while striving to protect and restore biodiversity…”
As of 2021, the apparel firm has the following footprint:
The company seeks to reach its net zero ambition by reducing absolute emissions in all its facilities through these levers:
energy reductions,
efficiency,
onsite renewable energy, and
energy attribute credits.
Its operated facilities include 1,083 retail stores in 37 countries and about 80 offices.
To cut down emissions, the company takes on these climate action strategies.
Such climate action targets are absolute rather than compared to net revenues, size or other economic metrics.
Levi’s Climate Goals
Levi’s also detailed its other sustainability goals apart from net zero emissions under the climate pillar. These particularly include the following climate goals against their 2016 baseline:
90% absolute reduction in GHG emissions associated with all company-operated facilities by 2025
100% renewable electricity in all company-operated facilities by 2025
Reduce freshwater use in manufacturing by 50% in areas of high water stress by 2025 against the 2018 baseline
Continue to assess and identify material impacts and dependencies on nature across the value chain to implement a comprehensive biodiversity action strategy by 2025
Levi’s plans to submit those goals to SBTi and get its approval in 2023.
2021 Climate Highlights
As of 2021, the San Francisco-based firm was able to achieve 85% renewable electricity use at its company-operated facilities. This is on track to its path towards 100% by 2025.
Electricity makes up 68% of the total Levi’s company-operated energy footprint. So reaching its goal of 100% renewable electricity will significantly reduce the firm’s total emissions.
Here are the other key progress that the firm has accomplished under its near-term climate goals.
In addition, as a crucial part of its energy efficiency measure, Levi’s managed to have the following achievements.
Used a solar power array to meet 20% of electrical demand at its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum-certified distribution center in Nevada.
Development of a new distribution center in Germany with Platinum-level LEED design and Platinum-level WELL certification following the circular design principles.
Incorporated LEED principles for energy, waste management, indoor air quality and water use.
The company was also able to make progress in reducing its absolute emissions through various means.
Shipped products using biofuels with net zero carbon emissions (Maersk ECO Delivery)
Worked with key suppliers in creating roadmaps detailing climate and water targets and identify solutions
Encouraged supplier participation in company programs that promote low carbon solutions
One theme that cuts across all Levi’s sustainability goals is the need for increased partnership across sectors to fight climate change.
In fact, the company is aligning with other brands to work with manufacturing partners and other organizations on climate solutions, be it directly cutting emissions or resorting to carbon offsets.
And so over the past months, Levi’s has been collaborating with partners like Fashion for Good, the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, and Organic Cotton Accelerator to help bring the apparel industry toward more sustainable, circular production.
The Canadian Bank of Montreal or BMO recently released its report on the voluntary carbon market (VCM), providing an in-depth overview of market growth potential and complexity.
BMO Capital Markets believes that the VCM is slated for impressive growth. But that will be predicated on VCM’s ability to deliver high-integrity carbon credits.
Here are the four key takeaways from the report.
BMO Voluntary Carbon Market Projections
As per BMO’s projections, the banking giant sees the potential growth of the VCM to reach 6.5x by 2030 and 17.4x by 2050, relative to 2020 VCM total traded volumes.
That also means the VCM can hit an annual volume of ~1.2 GT CO2e by 2030 and 3.3 GT CO2e by 2050.
This projection is based on the median of BMO’s four scenario analyses described below.
BMO VCM Growth Projections
Top-Down Growth Scenarios
Hard to Abate Emissions: This scenario was from “hard-to-abate” global emissions where offsetting is strictly reserved for.
BMO considers emissions hard to abate if the abatement cost is above US$200/T of CO2e or ~18 GT of CO2e per year. Three major sectoral emitters fall under this scenario:
Energy,
Industry, and
Transport.
Implied Need, Removals Only: This BMO top-down scenario reflects how much CO2 must be removed to meet climate goals.
To stay within the 2°C carbon budget, BMO estimates that collective efforts must remove more than 110 GT CO2. This is under an assumption that VCM will get 30% carbon market share.
Bottom-up Growth Scenarios
SBTi limits: This scenario is based on a corporate offsetting limit of 10% to hit emissions targets.
The assumption under this scenario is that public firms have net zero targets for scope 1 but excluding scope 2 emissions.
Also, BMO assumes that offset price will rise over time, so the implied growth is ~4x by 2030 and ~14x by 2050.
Removal Potential: Under this bottom-up growth situation, BMO assumes that each carbon removal reaches the lower bound of their potential.
Applying 30% penetration rate, BMO projects voluntary carbon market growth of ~7x by 2030 and ~19x by 2050.
Overall, market volatility will have a negative effect on price and trade volumes of carbon credits or offsets.
Carbon Removal Offsets Are Necessary
Market based solutions, particularly the ones that promote carbon removals, become increasingly necessary.
As governments are slow to enact climate policies, total emissions continue to increase. And current projections say that they will go beyond the budget needed to limit warming to 2°C.
Hence, it’s clear that climate finance is crucial to combine fossil fuel infrastructure with abatement technologies.
Carbon offsetting solutions are efficient even for projects that represent near-term reductions.
In particular, carbon removal technologies must be deployed to meet global climate goals. This also calls for investment in these technologies in the near-term.
As per BMO’s analysis, the highest quality carbon offset credits come from removal projects. Direct air capture scores best when it comes to meeting a set of criteria including:
Additionality,
Permanence,
Net negativity, and
Tradeoffs
Correlation Between Pricing and Credit Quality
Right now, the VCM is opaque with most credits trading over-the-counter. As such, price discovery and transparency are a challenge.
Credit quality and price should be directly correlated according to BMO.
The firm also believes that credits not listed on one of the top carbon registries such as Verra, Gold Standard, Climate Action Reserve, and American Carbon Registry are challenged from a quality perspective.
That’s because investors likely don’t have the level of information or sophistication to evaluate a project absent from a top registry.
Quality projects are sought after and their credits mostly trade through bilateral agreements. They’re the ones that get premium pricing.
Evidently, direct, bilateral transactions for offsets remained the top choice for buyers and sellers.
As carbon exchanges provide the most transparent pricing data, transaction preference impacts market transparency.
Prices from exchanges don’t represent the market as a whole. But their movements may offer context on price momentum in the VCM.
With all these, investors must consider pricing transparency alongside the quality of carbon credits.
Corporate Offsetting Guidelines Shape the VCM
Offsetting in corporate decarbonization plans will be a key driver of demand growth in the VCM. But there are very few offsetting standards that guide net zero pursuit.
BMO examined offsetting strategies among the 2,000 largest public firms. They found little consistency across their decarbonization plans.
Due to inconsistency in net zero definitions, there are various categories for emissions reduction commitments from companies. In fact, the Net Zero Tracker identifies 14 different categories.
By industry, apparel took the #1 spot with 100% of companies having emissions reduction pledges.
When it comes to disclosed detailed decarbonization plans, BMO said that firms with no targets have a low level of reduction planning, as expected.
Microsoft has one of the more detailed disclosures on its offsetting strategy and portfolio. The tech giant discloses carbon credit quality criteria and its offset purchases.
The company further documents offsets by:
supplier,
project name,
location,
type,
certifier,
contracted durability, and
contracted volume.
BMO finds Microsoft’s example as a sophisticated and transparent offset disclosure. And more firms will have the same detailed reporting as education enhances and disclosure guidelines improve.
Overall, there are only a few official offsetting guidelines. These include the VCMI, SBTi, and the Oxford Principles.
While that’s the case, BMO thinks that there’s a growing agreement on ways of best practice that will affect offsets demand and shape the voluntary carbon market.
Entities that are not using carbon offsets properly may be at risk of reputational damage.
As firms around the world are tackling climate change, Twelve is offering a solution through its carbon transformation tech which turns CO2 into products usually made from fossil fuels.
Using fossil fuel-derived oil to create products is not cheap, but what if it’s possible to make products using air instead of fossil fuels?
California-based Twelve is a carbon transformation company that’s shaking up the status quo of making products. Ranging from Mercedes car parts to equipment for NASA, the startup makes them using CO2.
Twelve’s Carbon Transformation Technology
To describe how the technology works, the director of product ecosystems Heidi Lim said:
“Our technology transforms carbon dioxide and water molecules using renewable energy. We split up and then rearrange molecules into building blocks that are usually made from fossil fuels.”
Products that rely on petrochemicals for assembly vary. According to the International Energy Agency, they include:
plastics,
fertilizers,
packaging,
clothing,
digital devices,
medical equipment,
detergents, and
tires.
With Twelve’s carbon transformation technology, an electrochemical reactor named Opus was built that cuts fossil fuels out of the process completely. The company calls this “industrial photosynthesis“.
It’s the same as what plants do during photosynthesis; Opus takes water and CO2, and using renewable energy, it changes them into new chemicals, materials, or fuels.
Inside the reactor, the electricity separates the CO2 and water. Then the membrane allows the separated elements to be recombined and make different chemicals.
The reactor is modular in design so that it can be installed in any industrial system. Better yet, the reactors system is made with a “plug-n-play” design.
It can be integrated into existing industrial systems easy and fast. Plus, the process can be done using CO2 from the point of emissions or direct air capture.
According to Twelve, they can cut up to 10% of global emissions through Opus.
And that’s possible by transforming existing supply chains from running on fossil fuels to running on CO2.
CO2Made Products
The firm’s commercial products are called CO2Made. These include the fashion brand Pangaia sunglasses, Mercedes car parts, Tide detergents, and carbon-neutral fuels among others.
According to CEO Nicholas Flanders, Twelve produces “building blocks for a wide range of materials, chemicals, and fuels that are currently made from fossil fuels today.”
He also claims that the CO2Made products have no change in quality compared to the ones they replace.
Apart from making CO2Made items, the firm is also working on another innovation – E-jet. It’s a jet fuel with 90% lower emissions than conventional jet fuel and works with current engines.
After announcing a $130 million Series B funding round last June, Twelve sets to ramp up its industrial-scale carbon transformation platform.
Some big names support the firm’s unique technology. Mercedes-Benz, NASA, Shopify, Procter & Gamble, and the Air Force partnered with Twelve to make CO2Made products.
Speaking for Procter & Gamble, Todd Cline remarked that:
“Delivering low-carbon products consumers desire will require scaling innovative solutions such as Twelve’s carbon transformation technology… We’re glad to see Twelve given the opportunity to expand their opportunity to impact a broad variety of sustainable consumer products enabled by their technology.”
The company also sees opportunities for working with firms already capturing and storing CO2 emissions. Popular names are Global Thermostat and Shell.
The carbon transformation tech of Twelve has the potential to turn CO2 from a harmful waste stream into useful products.
The carbon firm is currently taking pre-orders for its CO2Made materials and E-Jet.
Reducing carbon emissions is one of the most critical issues facing individuals and governments today. This is evident through a focus on ESG investing while governments create a cost through carbon credits to account for climate impact.
Many ESG investors place significant focus on the environmental component and opt to get rid of environmental polluters from their portfolio.
Instead, they choose to invest in businesses working to cut dependence on fossil fuels.
In the meantime, governments limit carbon emissions of firms through carbon credits. But these credits can also be used as a source of revenue.
So, what are carbon credits and how do they become the new currency of ESG investing to meet environmental regulation?
This article will answer this question by explaining ESG investing and what role carbon credits have in this investment realm.
The Changing Environment of ESG Investing
It’s now widely recognized that non-financial factors can inform investors about business performance. And so, there’s growing interest in the significance of ESG topics in the investment world.
Also, businesses today are impacted by climate change, disrupting operations and supply chains. More notably, climate change also affects markets and demands.
As a result, markets are adapting to climate change and every business has to respond to it. Otherwise, it becomes both an operational and commercial risk.
So investors have a role to play in ensuring that companies manage climate risks responsibly.
This change is impacting investment strategy as investors shift from risk aware investments to opportunity aware investments.
More and more of them are looking to invest in sectors that benefit from climate change. And most notably, the majority of them show an interest in putting their money in sustainability-focused strategies.
The sustainability boom resulted in trillions of dollars through ESG funds.
Businesses can leverage this changing trend by showing a robust climate strategy through their ESG reports.
This change is quite new, but it becomes mainstream so quickly. This could be due to evidence that climate-aware investing strategies like ESG produce good results.
The evolution of ESG mirrors the change in how people perceive climate change, too.
In recent years, ESG policies moved from a simple principle of doing no harm to having a positive impact on the company’s bottom line.
Add to this the increasing need for transparent and robust ESG reporting. This is driven by regulation such as the case of the Green Deal as the EU’s reporting directive.
Firms that adhere to reporting requirements tend to gain good sustainability ratings. In turn, their investment results tend to be also higher than companies with weak reporting standards and poor ratings.
But policy aside, stakeholders are also putting greater pressure on companies to get more information on their ESG performance.
This further prompts firms to have more robust ESG strategies. They communicate these to their employees, investors, and customers.
Finally, securing sustainable funding is another key factor that drives companies to differentiate themselves via ESG investing.
Investors are now favoring ESG performance as a proxy for good management.
In fact, the big four firms – PwC, Deloitte, EY, and KPMG – hope that ESG is key to rebuilding consumer trust after many scandals and multi-million-dollar payouts.
Hence, companies that can demonstrate strength on ESG may secure better financial support and results.
And this changing landscape in ESG investing will increase as ESG becomes more integral to businesses. But what role do carbon credits have in the space of ESG investing?
What Do Carbon Credits Mean in ESG Investing
The Carbon Credit Standard
In the U.S., the coin of the realm is US dollars, in the EU, it’s euro. In the ESG world, it’s the carbon credit – a unit representing 1 tonne of CO2 removed/avoided.
A carbon credit is a permit that allows its owner to emit a certain amount of CO2 or other GHG. In the voluntary carbon markets, carbon credits are known as carbon offsets.
Carbon offsets occupy a relatively small space on the ESG realm. But as more countries and companies pledge to reach net zero, carbon credits are gaining more attention in ESG investing to hasten carbon reductions.
In fact, growing demand has fueled record-high prices in some markets.
Carbon credits grew by a whopping 164% in 2021 with a notional value of $851 billion. And market projections are even more eye-popping.
Research firms forecast ranges that the market will grow as much as 30X more by 2030 and 100X more by 2050.
If these estimates are correct, the carbon credit market will be equal in size to the NASDAQ stock market by 2030.
According to the independent firm Katusa Research, the total carbon market (compliance and voluntary) could be as big as the oil market…
Source: Katusa Research
Entities have been relying on carbon credits to avoid or reduce their emissions.
Companies regulated under the “cap-and-trade” program (compliance carbon market) have no choice but to buy credits if they go beyond their emissions limit (cap).
For those who’re offsetting their emissions voluntarily, they can buy carbon credits from various projects. The most popular ones are nature-based projects like afforestation and tree-planting.
Markets and rules are beginning to blend
Carbon credits are still evolving as a distinct asset class. But carbon markets are starting to take better form as regulators and industry groups help codify rules around them.
In fact, various initiatives and regulations emerge to guide ESG investors in their investment decisions. The same goes for carbon standards and verification bodies.
They’re becoming more stringent to ensure the quality and integrity of the credits buyers and investors pick.
Guidelines and growing investor awareness are helping carbon credits gain traction.
So, when reports showed that 100 global companies are accountable for 71% of total emissions, ESG investors have greater reason to push for carbon reduction measures.
As such, we can expect that trading carbon offsets to rise even more.
Here are the reasons why carbon credits matter a lot in ESG investing.
Evaluating carbon credits: Some key factors to consider
Projects that produce carbon credits vary. So, ESG investors have to assess them well to know which ones to choose.
Local stakeholders will more likely favor carbon reduction projects with local co-benefits like job creation and biodiversity. However, these credits tend to cost more but they carry less risk and may offer more permanence.
There are certain metrics to consider to select quality offsets. These include additionality, permanence, measurability, and scalability.
It may take some time before carbon credits to become key asset allocation options for the average investor. But more transparency, better pricing, and market standards gave the offsets some spotlight they deserve.
When implemented correctly, offsets play an important supporting role in the fight against global warming. This is especially true when reducing carbon emissions is a battle of increments, not an overnight fix.
We believe they’re worth actively exploring within a broader ESG-investing context. Their global abundance can especially encourage flows of capital to stakeholders in developing countries and help facilitate broader attainment of SDGs.
How Companies Can Benefit from ESG Investing with Carbon Credits?
The strong emphasis on the “E” factor in ESG investing has never been greater. The world has been experiencing extreme weather conditions such as floods, drought, and heat waves.
Climate change has also been impacting every sector of the economy. Every business has to bear the environmental impacts associated with their operations.
So to limit the speed of global warming, companies are pledging to cut down their carbon emissions. More firms commit to reaching net zero emissions by 2050 or earlier.
This is where leveraging carbon credits as the currency of ESG investing puts a company at an advantaged position.
By investing in projects that reduce GHG emissions or avoiding reliance on fossil fuels, carbon credits are created. Firms with excess credits can sell them to other companies that fail to meet their carbon reduction targets.
This will bring in more measurable incentive for companies to make contributions in fighting climate change.
And more remarkably, ESG investors prefer to place their money on greener business models.
Carbon credits represent a certain amount of GHG emissions reduced or avoided.
That means where carbon credits are linked to, investors are also more likely to follow with their money. Popular examples include using renewables, adopting cleaner technologies, and energy-efficient investments.
Carbon credits are now commonly traded and they’re not only by businesses. Some investors are trading carbon credits in a similar way to physical commodities.
But ESG investors need to ensure that carbon credits are indeed reducing emissions as they claim to be. Once this is verified, companies will realize that ESG investing with carbon credits is all worth it.
Ethereum won the spotlight with the Merge, which cut the crypto’s energy use and carbon footprint more than expected by 99.99%.
The second-largest cryptocurrency – Ethereum – recently eliminated its energy consumption overnight by shifting to a new “proof of stake” blockchain system called the Merge.
Designed to drastically cut down the network’s overall energy use, the upgrade has indeed done just that.
Initial estimates of energy consumption reduction is about 99.95%. But the Merge was able to go beyond that with 99.99% less energy use than estimated.
The software upgrade also cut Ether’s carbon footprint by the same figure.
Ethereum Energy Use Before Merge
The so-called “Merge” was executed as the energy intensity of cryptocurrency protocols such as Bitcoin and Ethereum is a hot issue in the U.S.
In fact, the White House published a report detailing the energy impacts of crypto mining operations.
Crypto miners, including Bitcoin and Ethereum, use an energy-intensive consensus mechanism called “proof of work” (PoW).
Proof of Work is estimated to account for about 0.9% to 1.7% of all U.S. electricity use in 2021.
Earlier, the PoW mechanism required miners to work with high-powered computers to solve complex puzzles to earn tokens or Ether.
Ethereum used to run on the same unsustainable PoW mechanism as Bitcoin. This consensus system is so inefficient as shown below.
Ethereum Footprint Before Merge
Prior to the Merge, a single Ethereum transaction consumed about 264 kWh of energy according to Digiconomist data.
That’s equal to the consumption of an average U.S. household over 9 days.
What’s worse is its carbon footprint; the same single Ethereum transaction emits 125 kgCO2.
This emission is the same as watching YouTube for 20,900 hours! That’s equal to over 2 years of watching.
In fact, if Bitcoin and Ethereum were one country, estimates put their combined power use at 12th in the world with over 300 TWh per year.
These footprints were slashed after Ethereum shifted to the “Proof of Stake”(PoS) crypto model of mining.
Ethereum Footprint After the Merge
PoS doesn’t need computers and offers a greener, more energy-efficient way for crypto users to deposit their Ether. They call this process “staking”.
With PoS after the merge, there’s no longer a network of energy-intensive mining devices that compete with each other to make the next block for the underlying blockchain. Rather, wealth plays a major role in the block creation process with PoS.
Instead of using expensive GPUs and high specs, users need only a basic laptop and a stable internet connection.
The result is a massive reduction in power use by Ethereum.
To compare Ethereum’s PoS with PoW and Bitcoin’s power use, here’s a good illustration from the crypto firm itself.
Source: Ethereum blog
When it comes to emissions, the crypto’s footprint for a single transaction also dropped to only 0.01 kg CO2. That corresponds to only 2 hours of watching YouTube.
For its annual total carbon footprint, it went down from 54 Mt CO2 to only 0.01 Mt CO2.
Ethereum Footprint After Merge
For some industry experts like the ConsenSys, it remarked that the Ethereum’s Merge is the “biggest decarbonization in the history of tech”.
If the company seeks to get carbon credits from such a massive reduction in its emissions, that would be a huge amount. One carbon credit is equal to one ton of carbon avoided from getting emitted.
And though other blockchain networks like Bitcoin, Ravencoin, and Ergo have seen growing hash rates after the Merge, their massive energy use is not tied to Ethereum anymore.
As such, Ethereum manages to shed the environmental issues that continue to shake the world of cryptocurrency.
One board member of the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance said about the new PoS mechanism:
“This upgrade is very significant and I believe it will allow enterprises to consider public Ethereum blockchain approaches where they did not prior.”
Looking ahead, many predicted a continued push to green crypto mining operations in the U.S. as the world races to net zero emissions.
DeepMarkit Corp. provided a recap of its successful attendance of Climate Week in New York City from September 20-23, 2022. The company co-hosted Flowcarbon and dClimate’s Climate Week Blockchain Summit.
The Climate Week 2022 is the biggest climate event in the world that took place from September 19-25 across NYC. Its partners and sponsors included the Climate Group, Estee Lauder Companies, Johnson and Johnson, Google and FedEx, and more.
The CW Blockchain Summit was a one-day event featuring exclusive leadership sessions and keynote speakers from blockchain and carbon offset industries.
Also, DeepMarkit attended the North America Climate Summit organized by the International Emissions Trading Association and International Carbon Action Partnership.
During Climate Week 2022, DeepMarkit established itself as a market leader in
carbon offset-based NFTs by:
Sourcing more carbon offsets;
Offering insights into the world of on-chain offsets and how they are expected to impact the industry in the future;
Continuing to build relationships with some of the industry’s leading project developers and marketplaces;
Attending industry leading round-table discussions on the future of the offset market;
Strategizing with other technology organizations to enhance the DeepMarkit NFT experience; and
Increasing understanding of how to uniquely position DeepMarkit’s market offering.
Bringing the iron and steel industry to net zero by 2050 requires $1.4 trillion of investment, $250 billion of which is for carbon credits, according to Wood Mackenzie.
Currently, iron and steel production together release a total of 3.4 billion tonnes of carbon each year. This represents 7% of total global emissions.
To meet the global demand for steel by 2050, the industry must produce 2.2 billion tonnes of steel.
Wood Mackenzie analyzed in its latest report, “Pedal to the Metal: Iron and steel’s $1.4 trillion shot at decarbonisation”, the what, when, and how of reaching net zero pathway.
Remarking on the report, lead author Malan Wu said that:
“Decarbonising the steel industry is a big task. To meet Wood Mackenzie’s 1.5°C accelerated energy transition scenario by 2050, steel emissions must reduce by 90% from current levels. There is an urgent need to act now to decarbonise the iron and steel sectors. Business as usual is no longer sustainable.”
Footing the Bill to Reach Net Zero
The 1.5°C pathway requires 2050 steel emissions to decline by over 90% from current levels. But the analysis assumes only a 33% decline in steel emissions from current levels.
The report shows the urgency to act now to bring the industry to net zero emissions. It also presents an investment opportunity for the operators as the sector decarbonizes.
The largest factor for the industry to be successful in its climate goal is to switch to Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs).
But that’s only one part of the $1.4 trillion investment opportunity for industry players.
Mining companies will have to cut their operational emissions and invest in new green steel technologies. These include high-grade mines and DR pellet capacities.
Decarbonizing the industry also calls for shifting to clean energy use. This is equal to about 2,000 GW of renewable energy generation capacity (that’s ⅔ of current global capacity).
Now add developing the hydrogen technology to this…
The net zero goal needs about 50 million tonnes of green hydrogen per year.
Here’s the breakdown of the trillion investment.
Carbon Credits (Offsets) are a Must for Iron and Steel
As upgrades and green technologies are still not enough, the iron and steel industry needs to buy up to $250 billion in carbon offsets, also called carbon credits. They’re necessary to tackle emissions that can’t yet be reduced.
Carbon credits represent certain amounts of carbon reduced or removed from the air, either through nature or technology.
In the case of iron and steel, CCUS (Carbon Capture, Use, and Storage) is a technological option to curb emissions.
The present supply of CCUS is limited and is in its nascent stage. The current global CCUS pipeline is 14x the amount currently being captured of 63 million tonnes per year (Mtpa).
But emission reduction efforts from other industries are also calling for this measure.
The industry must capture and store 470 Mt of carbon to reach its emission target in 2050. And that calls for a $200 – $250 billion investment in CCUS.
Forged Blueprint: What Miners and Steelmakers Can Do
SO, what should iron ore miners and steelmakers do to solve the industry’s net zero equation?
The following images provide some clarity…
Achieving net zero will entail a revolutionary transformation of iron and steel, and its value chain. But a collaboration among key industry players will help drive green action.
A wave of seaweed is covering the Caribbean coasts, killing wildlife while harming humans and tourism, but an innovative company is turning it into a revenue stream including carbon credits.
More than 24 million tonnes of sargassum blanketed the Atlantic in June, up by 20% from 18.8 million tonnes in May. This is a new historical record according to the report by the University of South Florida’s Optical Oceanography Lab.
The same amount of the “golden tide” was seen in July. Its concentration became so heavy in some parts of the eastern Caribbean shores that the island of Guadeloupe issued a health alert in late July.
Scientists said more research is necessary to know why sargassum levels in the Caribbean are reaching new highs. But the UN’s Caribbean Environment Program suggested that there are three major culprits for it:
Rising water temperatures due to climate change,
Fertilizers full of nitrogen running off from farms, and
Sewage waste.
Seaweeds are, in fact, one of the greatest carbon sinks that capture and sequester carbon. But large masses of them can pose risks to human health and have a severe environmental impact.
Sargassum, in particular, sequesters carbon but it also releases it during decay in the form of a more potent and dangerous GHG – methane.
Carbonwave saw a business opportunity in this. The startup turns seaweed into sustainable, high-value, and innovative products. At the same time, producing carbon credits.
Turning Seaweeds into Carbon Credits
Sargassum is a wild seaweed that provides key habitat for wildlife in the ocean such as sea turtles, fish, crabs, and more.
But with its ability to double in size every 11 days, sargassum has the potential to become a monster. It chokes coral reefs and fish and riddles beaches with a smell of rotten organic material as it decays.
This sea of brown algae also alters water temperatures and pH balance while invisibly releasing CO2 and methane back into the atmosphere.
About 20 – 30 million tonnes of sargassum are piling up on the Caribbean’s coastlines.
This hit the tourism industry very hard as hotels and beaches affected by the influx were closed.
Local measures were taken to harvest the algae pestering the region.
But after removal, the seaweed often ends up in landfills. This further prompts issues with decaying sargassum and its effects on water runoff and pollution.
Fortunately, new initiatives are exploring ways to monetize sargassum harvesting via processing.
And while some decided to bury the algae deep down into the oceans, Carbonwave turns this seaweed into a solution generating carbon credits.
Carbonwave’s patented sargassum processing
The Puerto Rico-based startup began collecting sargassum as raw materials for their patented processing technology that turns it into high-value, carbon-neutral products.
Jason Cole, Executive VP of Innovations, said that:
“Our goal is to manage the Sargassum bloom responsibly, and to avoid the environmental impacts it has had in the Caribbean.”
Instead of rotting away, the firm makes Sargassum into various products including the following:
bio-stimulants for cultivation and ecosystem restoration,
emulsifiers for pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and
bio-leathers for fashion, apparel, and interior design.
The company’s key advantage is the ability of its seaweed products to have the lowest carbon footprint on the market.
Not to mention that instead of paying for the raw materials, they’re paid by the hotels to collect sargassum in most cases. Plus, it’s basking on energy and a cost-efficient patented production process.
Carbonwave believes that their market is poised to grow due to strong demand for sustainable, plant-based inputs. Here are the firm’s major growth drivers:
Carbon credits from sargassum
Alongside other major products, the startup expects to amass revenue from carbon credits this year up to 2025. The market size for this product is seen to grow by around 70% (from 2020 – 2025) as per the firm’s projection.
A carbon credit represents one tonne of CO2, or its equivalent, avoided or removed from the air.
The rotting sargassum on the shore releases methane, which is 34x worse than CO2 for causing global warming.
By turning the rotted seaweed into sustainable products, Carbonwave helps reduce and offset emissions from fossil fuels.
Also, as the company makes products that replace fossil fuels, it’s further cutting carbon emissions. And this qualifies them more to generate a corresponding amount of carbon credits once measured and verified.
The firm can then sell the credits to those who seek to offset their emissions.
Other initiatives include growing seaweed in the desert and making floating offshore farms to capture carbon and earn credits.
Converting ammonia into hydrogen is an emission-free fuel to help decarbonize the heavy-duty and shipping transportation industry.
The transportation industry is the biggest polluter in the U.S. In 2020, it accounted for the largest share at 27% of all the country’s GHG emissions according to the US Environmental Protection Agency.
Due to the significant amount of transportation emissions, actions are taken to reduce the sector’s pollution. This includes the notoriously dirty shipping industry.
The recently introduced Clean Shipping Act of 2022 aims to rid of emissions in ports in 2030 as the soonest. The law also restricts anchoring of ships in U.S. ports that don’t follow the zero emissions guidelines.
Ammonia Is Key to Hydrogen Rollout
As per the International Maritime Organization (IMO), ships with 5,000 gross tonnage and above are responsible for 85% of net GHG emissions from the shipping industry.
The industry currently emits about 1 billion tons of carbon annually. But with increased regulation, carbon offsets, and innovative technology, carbon emissions can be reduced.
IMO’s goal is to decrease that by 50% by 2050, and will implement a long-term strategy by 2023.
Given the size and weight of those ships, battery technology is not possible to use in them. Thus, hydrogen has become the leading alternative technology to power the massive vessels.
And to support the rollout of hydrogen, ammonia is a critical element.
Ammonia naturally doesn’t contain any carbon molecules. So it has a great potential to be a zero emission fuel. Plus, it can carry hydrogen effectively to a fuel cell.
Hydrogen, in itself, has some challenges when it comes to storage and transportation. This is where ammonia becomes helpful in aiding the deployment of hydrogen.
Why ammonia?
There’s already existing infrastructure for ammonia as it has been used in agriculture for long years as input. There’s a pipeline for ammonia production and storage, making it a potential renewable fuel.
Also, ammonia is a liquid which makes it easy to store. This reduces the cost and space requirements for its storage in comparison with hydrogen and LNG.
Lastly, ammonia even has a high volumetric energy density. It means the storage vessels can be light, fast, and travel long distances.
With all these qualities of ammonia, it’s suitable for decarbonizing the shipping industry. After all, there has been an agreement that the sector has to shift to new fuels and propulsion technologies to reach global emission goals. And ammonia is one option for that.
Based on the infographic below, zero carbon fuels will hit a 5% fuel mix by 2030. That means the industry has about 8 years remaining to achieve 60GW of electrolyzers to produce about 30 million tons of ammonia.
Meanwhile, it’s the size and operational profile of a ship that determines the applicability of carbon-free technologies.
For instance, the most vital performance metric for huge sea vessels like cargo ships is often the energy density requirements for fuels and motor systems. But for small and medium-sized ships like ferries, such factors are less strict.
Ammonia & Hydrogen for Clean Shipping
The clean hydrogen community expects that government financing programs will promote the technology and infrastructure in the U.S.
There are some major initiatives in place to advance the policy environment and drive the ambitious hydrogen agenda.
Take for example the case of putting up regional “Hydrogen Hubs”. These efforts make it easier for advancing clean hydrogen technology. These hubs can positively impact the country’s climate policy environment.
More collaboration, funding, and technology demonstrations can help push this fuel alternative for a clean shipping industry.
Ammonia is currently gaining traction as a solution for carrying hydrogen and decarbonizing shipping. In this case, it makes sense to include ammonia technology solutions in those efforts.
Ultimately, there must be a full transition away from fossil fuels to tackle global warming. And the shipping sector must do its part to cut down its emissions.
Clean hydrogen technology alongside ammonia may offer a suitable solution.
This is key to its carbon neutrality as its forests sequester about 9 million tons of carbon each year while the country generates only 2 million tons in 2020.
What Does Carbon Negative Mean?
To be carbon negative means an entity’s actual emissions are outweighed by the footprint it offsets. Bhutan is the first country to achieve carbon negativity.
Not only is the small kingdom a net sink for carbon; it also offsets its emissions by exporting renewable energy. It exports a lot of hydroelectric energy to its neighbor India.
As mentioned, its vast forestland absorbs far way more carbon (9 million tons) than the country emits (2 million tons).
Beyond abating carbon via sequestration and renewables, Bhutan is also preserving biodiversity.
The country allows wildlife to travel between different preserved areas of nature.
GNH: Happiness over Money?
Other countries are having hard times to reduce emissions, even the richest ones.
So, many are wondering how did the small nation with less than 1 million population manage to become carbon negative.
The answer lies in a concept which Bhutan is famous for – GNH or Gross National Happiness. It’s one of the major governing principles of the country that prioritizes happiness over GDP.
It recognizes the importance of economic growth. But it also asserts that it must not undermine the nation’s pristine environment.
Thus, the country’s growth strategies are then suited to maximize happiness rather than GDP.
Bhutan’s GNH index has two important parts:
sustainable socio-economic development
environmental conservation
Bhutan’s happiness-based philosophy is a key factor in driving its green policies.
In official documents relating to climate change, the government places strong emphasis on the rights of future generations to environmental safety and the enjoyment of natural resources.
This approach makes intergenerational climate justice a key enabler in affecting climate action.
In summary, here are the ways how Bhutan became a carbon negative nation:
It bans log exports
Preserves 60% of the country’s total land area under forest cover for all time
Uses free hydroelectric power from its bountiful rivers rather than fossil fuels
Rural farmers are given free electricity
Add to this, Bhutan has also secured long-term funding for its projects with “Bhutan for Life”. It’s a fund developed in partnership with the World Wildlife Fund in 2017 to finance the nation’s sustainability and conservation efforts.
Besides preserving protected areas, the project also finances R&D in renewable energy. It will also encourage more sustainable living in local communities.
Such efforts reduce the country’s negative impact on the environment while allowing it to capture more carbon than it emits.
Yet, it’s important to note that Bhutan is a small, non-industrialized nation. This could mean that its approach to curb emissions may not be suitable for larger countries like the U.S.
Still, its accomplishments do show what’s possible when environmental sustainability is at the center of the political agenda.
What does the Bhutan experience tell us?
Bhutan achieved what all participating countries of the Paris Agreement hope to achieve by 2050.
The fact that it reached net zero status and continues to draft bigger plans to remain so is something to which all countries may aspire.
The constitution and the culture of Bhutan go together to make net zero a reality. It protects its major carbon sink: the forests.
While the exact Bhutanese model for reducing emissions may be hard to apply to larger industrialized countries, the principle of prioritizing environmental sustainability as part of promoting happiness may be a good start.
But there’s no guarantee that other nations can catch up in time to prevent Bhutan from suffering from the adverse effects of climate change.
As the former Bhutanese prime minister Tshering Tobgay once said,
“After all, we’re here to dream together, to work together, to fight climate change together, to protect our planet together… Because the reality is we are in it together.”
Bhutan may be the first carbon negative nation but many others could also follow.
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